Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions
Progressive Roots
Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld
1. What were the goals of the Progressives?
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo
2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?
Political Progressivism
Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists
3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.
Referendum: Citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national government.Recall: Second election by the people to possibly remove an incompetent official.Initiative: Voters can promote legislation themselves.Direct Primary Election: Directly elect U.S. senatorsAustralian Ballot: Way to counteract bribery.Seventeenth Amendment: Senators elected through popular vote.Suffragists: Wanted women's suffrage
Progressivism in the Cities and States
Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes
4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?
Communities adopted the city-manager system which was designed to keep politics out of municipal administration. Urban reformers challenged the likes of prostitution and juvenile delinquency. In Wisconsin mayor Robert M. La Follette took control from crooked corporations and brought it back to the people.
Progressive Women
Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"
5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?
Progressives combating social ills were moderately successful as in with Florence Kelly whi advocated for improved factory conditions and was actually a chief factory inspector and when the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire broke out, reformers readily fought for better workplaces which made the New York legislation pass stronger laws regulating hours and conditions of sweatshops.
TR's Square Deal for Labor
Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor
6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?
The three C's of the Square Deal were control of the corporations,consumer protection,conservation of natural resources.
TR Corrals the Corporations
Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company
7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster
is undeserved."
Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trust buster is undeserved as he endeavored to stop big corporations from securing monopolistic pursuits that put the people at a disadvantage.
Caring for the Consumer
Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act
8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?
Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle sparked outrage and disgust from the American people since it detailed the filth and disease that poured from Chicago's slaughterhouses.
Earth Control
Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club
9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?
Americans began to take an active interest in conservation when there was a noticeable depletion of resources and the nation's forests were shrinking to timber mills.
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 was a momentary lapse on Wall Street which caused people to go on bank runs,commit suicide,and criminal indictments against speculators.
The Rough Rider Thunders Out
Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs
11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?
Theodore Roosevelt's presidency legacy was marked by the great heights of power and prestige he built in the presidential office.
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be."
William Howard Taft, a man second in his class at Yale and an established lawyer and judge, did not live up to his accolades when he became president and was more known for his passive nature than his ability to help his nation.
Explain
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat
Know: Dollar Diplomacy
13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?
Dollar diplomacy was using America's wealth to negotiate policies when it came to foreign affairs.
Taft the Trustbuster
Know: Rule of Reason
14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?
Taft deserves the moniker "Trustbuster" since he filed suits against ninety trusts during his presidency compared to Teddy Roosevelt's forty-four in his seven and a half years in office.
Taft Splits the Republican Party
Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon
15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?
The Progressive Wing of the Republican Party filed suits against Taft because of his dismissal of Gifford Pinchot on the mere grounds of insubordination.
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?
The Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention with people who supported Theodore Roosevelt and those who supported William Howard Taft.
Chapter #29 Guided Readings
The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912
Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom
1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.
Wilson's progressivism, New Freedom, called for stronger antitrust legislation,banking reform, and reduction of tariffs while Roosevelt's, New Nationalism, called for about the same things but with women's suffrage and continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.
It was fascinating since Woodrow Wilson didn't have a great number of popular votes but he amassed more electoral votes than Taft or Roosevelt.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?
Wilson's personality and past affected the way he conducted himself as president since he came off as cold to the public and would often only find common ground with scholars or people of his intellectual equivalency and his black and white view of the world made him a difficult compromiser.
Wilson Tackles the Tariff
Know: Underwood Tariff
4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"
The antiquated and inadequate banking and currency system.
Wilson Battles the Bankers
Know: The Federal Reserve Act
5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?
It was different since it guaranteed public control and could issue paper money.
The President Tames the Trusts
Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
6. How did Wilson curb the trusts?
He passed the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act which sought to root out monopolies.
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis
7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and actions.
Positives
- Made credit available to farmers at low rates of interests
- Helped acquire decent treatment and living wages on American merchant ships
- Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability
Negatives
- Perpetuated segregation between whites and blacks
- Didn't seek improvement on treatment of African Americans
New Directions in Foreign Policy
Know: Haiti
8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.
Wilson wasn't a fan of the aggressive foreign policies of Taft or Roosevelt. He didn't like Roosevelt's "club swinging" or Taft's Dollar Diplomacy. He preferred to remain civil and neutral,but the political turmoil in Haiti forced Wilson to send troops to protect American lives and property.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?
Mexico gave Wilson's administration trouble because it was exploited by foreign investors who gained riches while Mexico's own people were still poor, and Wilson refused to acknowledge Victoriano Huerta as president of Mexico and was adamant on not using Dollar Diplomacy.
Thunder Across the Sea
Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers
10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?
Europe plunged into WWI in 1914 because the heir to the Belgium thrones of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serb.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II
11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?
They still traded with the Allied Powers whom the Central Powers fought against.
America Earns Blood Money
Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?
They were willing to use the submarines to sink enemy ships while knowing a misfire could happen which could possibly sink American ships, and it all came to a head when Germans sunk the Lusitania which sparked anger among Americans who called it mass murder.
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"
13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?
The key to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916 was his slogan "He Kept Us Out of War" which appealed to the majority of America's populace who did not want to be entrenched in Europe's war.
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